Japanese Particle Table

1. Topic
2. Contrast

1. 明日あしたは雨あめだ
   • As for tomorrow, it will rain.
2. 日に本ほんは雨あめじゃない
   • As for Japan, it will not rain.
   • *Implies it rains somewhere.

1. Inclusion
2. Surprise

1. アメリカも雨あめじゃない
   • As for the US, it will not rain, too.
2. １０じゅう時じ間かんも雨あめだった
   • It rained (surprisingly) for 10 hours.

1. Subject of Predicate
2. Object of Emotion
3. Object of Potential
4. New Information
5. Identifier

1. 雨あめが冷つめたい
   • Rain is cold.
2. 雨あめが嫌きらいだ
   • Rain is the one that I dislike.
3. 日本語が話せる
   • [I] can speak Japanese.
4. バスが来くる
   • The bus will come.
   • *Said when you’ve found a bus is about to come.
5. 誰だれが乗のる？
   • Who will take (transportation)?

1. Direct Object
2. Location to Leave
3. Location to Pass
4. Direction of Action

1. ケーキを食たべる
   • [I will]  eat cake.
2. 家いえを出でる
   • [I will] leave my house.
3. 橋はしを渡わたる
   • [I will] cross the bridge.
4. 右みぎを向むく
   • [I will] turn right. 

2. vs から 1.

3. vs で 1. 

1. Location of Existence
2. Direction of Motion
3. Destination
4. Target (Indirect Object)
5. Source
6. Specific Time
7. Notion of Per

1. 家いえにいる
   • [I] am in [my] house.
2. 北きたに向むかう
   • [I will] head to the north.
3. 学校がっこうに行いく
   • [I will] go to school.
4. 先生せんせいに会あう
   • [I will] meet [my] teacher.
5. お金かねを友達ともだちに借かりる。
   • [I will] borrow money from [my] friend.
6. ６ろく時じに起おきる
   • [I will] get up at 6 o’clock. 
7. 三回さんかいに一回いっかい、失敗しっぱいする
   • I fail once in three times.

3. vs まで 1.

5. vs から 2. 

1. Direction of Motion
2. Destination

1. 南みなみへ向むかう
   • [I will] head to the south.
2. アメリカへ行いく
   • [I will] go to the US.

1. Partner of Interaction
2. Object of Similarity / Difference

1. 彼女かのじょと結婚けっこんする
   • [I will] get married to [my] girlfriend. 
2. 父ちちと似にている
   • [I] resemble my father. 

1. Location of Action
2. Material
3. Means
4. Reason (Causation)
5. Range (Period of Time)
6. Amount
7. State

1. 家いえで寝ねる
   • [I will] sleep in [my] house.
2. 木きで椅子いすを作つくる
   • [I will] make a chair by [using] wood.
3. タクシーで行いく
   • [I will] go by taxi.
4. 病びょう気きで眠ねむい
   • [I] am sleepy due to sickness.
5. 一いち時じ間かんで宿しゅく題だいをする
   • [I will] do my homework within an hour.
6. 一人ひとりで働はたらく
   • [I will] work alone.
7. 裸足はだしで歩あるく。
   • [I will] walk with bare feet.

1. Starting Point
2. Source
3. Raw Material
4. State Before Change

1. 東とう京きょうから出しゅっ発ぱつする
   • [I will] depart from Tokyo.
2. 母ははから聞きいた
   • [I] heard [it] from my mother.
3. ブドウからワインを作つくる
   • [I will] make wine from grapes.
4. 赤あかから青あおに変かわる
   • [It will] change from red to blue.

1. vs を 2.

2. vs に 5.

3. vs で 2.

1. Ending Point

1. 夜よるまで働はたらく
   • [I will] work until night.