Explanatory のだ （んだ）

In this section, you will learn how to make interrogative sentences. Before moving to the main topic, we would like to tackle the explanatory のだ （んだ）because understanding its functions is significantly important when making and responding to a question.

Explanation for How the Explanatory のだ （んだ） Works

The explanatory のだ （んだ） is one of the most frequently used words in Japanese. However, since there is no equivalent word in English and this word has a certain number of functions, some learners have difficulty understanding it. In this lesson, we will feature the major five functions.

Basic Idea

First of all, let us start with the difference between のだ and んだ. They have the same meanings, but the formality is different. のだ is formal and preferred in writing while んだ is a casual and preferred in speaking. Here, we will make examples with んだ. Please regard them as sentences in conversation.

Next, let’s check the conjugation rules. The explanatory のだ （んだ） is used at the end of sentences. Pay close attention to the conjugation when you use nouns and na-adjectives with のだ （んだ） in affirmative sentences. Apart from that, you can directly connect it to other parts of speech (i-adjectives, verbs, etc.).

Nouns and Na-adjectives in Affirmative Sentences: to Attach な + んだ

Others: to Attach んだ

Note: the negative-polite form: ません is not used with explanatory のだ （んだ）. Even though we explained the negative form: ないです is a colloquial expression, you can be formal enough by using のだ. Now, let’s move to the functions.

Five Functions of the Explanatory のだ （んだ）

1. Reason

The first function is to express reasons. It’s not necessarily that there are two sentences like the above. For example, when you go out with a big luggage and bump into your mother, you say “旅行りょこうなんだ.” The plain meaning is “It’s travel,” but you have also expressed the reason why you have a big luggage by using んだ. Here are more examples.

2. Interpretation

The second function is to express your interpretation. With the example above, the speaker interprets the curry as being spicy based off of the person’s flushed appearance. Interpretations don’t have to be correct. Take a look at some more examples.

3. Discovery (Non-Physical Objects)

The third function it to express discovery. The point here is that you cannot use this for physical objects. In the above example, you have discovered the form, the function, or the quality of iPhone, not the material itself. In another example, when you open a window and notice that it’s raining outside, you just say “雨あめだ” because you have found rain itself. However, if you realize that the rain is actually snow and it’s the first time for you to see snow, you can say “これが雪ゆきなんだ (This is the snow).” Namely, you have discovered what snow is like.

4. Summary (Rewording)

The fourth function is to express summaries (rewording). You can roughly consider this as the equivalent to “in other words” in English.

5. Preliminary Remarks

The last function is to express preliminary remarks. Other functions you have learned so far modify prior sentences or situations. However, this function modifies following sentences. That’s the difference. By using this, you can call listeners’ attention to coming sentences. *You will learn Japanese conjunctions such as だから in other lessons.

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Feminine Expressions

As you learned in the sentence ending particle lesson, by omitting だ from んだ, you can also make feminine expressions. Note: when you omit だ from んだ, the remaining ん always becomes の. This is only applicable for casual tone. That is to say, the following sentence sounds casual.

Sentence ending particles can be used together with the omission like this;

Summary

1. のだ can be pronounced as んだ in conversation.
2. The conjugation needs only in affirmative sentences with nouns and na-adjectives.
3. The functions are to express:
   • Reason
   • Interpretation
   • Discovery (Non-Physical Objects)
   • Summary (Rewording)
   • Preliminary Remarks

We have covered the major and basic functions here. Although the explanatory のだ (んだ) is often used in everyday life, there are many usages. We will pick up the rest of them in other lessons. Then, this can actually be utilized for a question marker. Next, let’s learn how to make interrogative sentences with this.

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